1)
Chorea and related disorders
R. Bhidayasin and Daniel Truong
Postgrad. Med. J. 2004; 80; 527-534
Chorea refers to
irregular, flowing, non-stereotyped, random, involuntary movements that
often possess a writhing quality referred to as choreoathetosis. When
mild, chorea can be difficult to differentiate from restlessness. When
chorea is proximal and of large amplitude, it is called ballism. Chorea
is usually worsened by anxiety and stress and subsides during sleep. Most
patients attempt to disguise chorea by incorporating it into a purposeful
activity. Whereas ballism is most often encountered as hemiballism due
to contralateral structural lesions of the subthalamic nucleus and/or
its afferent or efferent projections, chorea may be the expression of
a wide range of disorders, including metabolic, infectious, inflammatory,
vascular, and neurodegenerative, as well as drug induced syndromes. In
clinical practice, Sydenhama´s chorea is the most common form of childhood
chorea, whereas Huntington´s disease and drug induced chorea account for
the majority of adult onset cases.
The aim of this review is to provide an up to date discussion of this
disorder, as well as a practical approach to its management.
R. Bhidayasin and Daniel Truong
Botulinum toxin: Clinical use.
Bs Daniel D. Trương và WH Jost
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006; 12(6):331-55 (ISSN: 1353-8020)
The Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Institute, 9940 Talbert Avenue,
Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA.
Since its development for the use of blepharospasm and strabismus more
than 2.5 decades ago, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) has become a versatile
drug in various fields of medicine. It is the standard of care in different
disorders such as cervical dystonia, hemifacial spasm, focal spasticity,
hyperhidrosis, ophthalmological and otolaryngeal disorders. It has also
found widespread use in cosmetic applications. Many other indications
are currently under investigation, including gastroenterologic and urologic
indications, analgesic management and migraine. This paper is an extensive
review of the spectrum of BoNT clinical applications.
Bs Daniel D. Trương và WH Jost
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